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But official figures are just the tip of the iceberg. And in an increasingly globalised world where populations are burgeoning in the poorest countries, abject poverty has caused millions of economic and environmental refugees to flee the land. Internal displacement of populations is now as significant in humanitarian terms as the more Population and development • 33 Downloaded by [INFLIBNET Centre] at 05:37 01 December 2012 conventional flights across state boundaries. And an increasing characteristic of the worldwide refugee phenomenon is that few refugees return for good.

As for the causes of international migration, there are many theories about these. Referring to the migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, Austria’s International Centre for Migration Policy Department estimates that at least 400 000 people are now smuggled into the European Union each year and that, whatever the real reasons for migrating, they often try to claim asylum as refugees. However, the common distinction drawn between ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors is not always easy to demonstrate in practice; and the suggested dominance of the economic factor is equally not always easy to prove.

But is this difference innate? Or is it the expression of some cultural trait, such as religion or sets of values? This is looked at briefly in Chapter 3, but it might be useful here to suggest that entrepreneurial ability and energy, initiative, independence and an enthusiastic work ethic might reflect not the race, religion or culture of an individual or group, but rather an institutional framework which allows an individual’s energies, initiative and ambitions to flourish and operate freely.

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